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-==== Biofilm ====
-Biofilms are a complex community of microorganisms that adhere to surfaces and form a protective layer. They are commonly found in aquatic environments, including iAVS systems. Biofilms are important in iAVS systems because they play a key role in water filtration and nutrient cycling.
-In iAVS systems, biofilms form on the surface of the sand bed and help to remove excess nutrients from the water. The biofilm is made up of a diverse community of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and algae. These microorganisms work together to break down organic matter and convert it into forms that can be used by plants and other aquatic organisms.
-Sand is an important component of the biofilm in iAVS systems because it provides a stable and porous substrate for bacterial growth. The sand bed acts as a biofilter, removing excess nutrients from the water and providing a habitat for beneficial bacteria. These bacteria then form a biofilm on the surface of the sand bed, which helps to improve water quality and nutrient cycling. Biofilms are also important in iAVS systems because they help to prevent the buildup of harmful compounds in the water, such as ammonia and nitrite. By removing excess nutrients from the water, biofilms help to create a healthy and stable environment for both the plants and the fish in the system.
-**Biofilms in Soil and Pore Space**
-In soil, biofilms are found in the pore spaces between soil particles and are essential for maintaining soil health and fertility. Biofilms in soil help to retain moisture, prevent erosion, and promote nutrient cycling.
-They also play a crucial role in the rhizosphere, which is the region of soil surrounding plant roots. In the rhizosphere, biofilms help to break down complex organic compounds into simpler forms that plants can use, and they also provide a protective barrier against pathogens.
-**Biofilms in iAVs**
-In iAVs, biofilms are essential for maintaining a healthy and sustainable ecosystem.
-Biofilms in iAVs are found on the surface of the sand particles and provide a protective matrix for the microorganisms that are responsible for breaking down complex organic compounds into simpler forms that plants can use. These microorganisms include nitrifying bacteria, which convert ammonia into nitrite and then into nitrate, and denitrifying bacteria, which convert nitrate into nitrogen gas.
-**The Rhizosphere and Biofilms**
-The rhizosphere is an important part of iAVs and is where the majority of plant growth occurs.
-Biofilms in the rhizosphere help to break down complex organic compounds into simpler forms that plants can use, and they also provide a protective barrier against pathogens. In addition, biofilms in the rhizosphere help to retain moisture and prevent erosion, which is important for maintaining soil health and fertility.